# expreppro.in > Best website for UPSC, CSE, GATE, NET exam notes & articles. > Generated by All in One SEO Pro v5.0.4, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://expreppro.in/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [DISCOVER THE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INTERIM BUDGET.](https://expreppro.in/interim-budget-highlights/): Discover the most significant key points of the interim budget that will help you stay up-to-date and informed. - [Complete Hantavirus Details in One Shot. UPSC Current Affair](https://expreppro.in/hantavirus-details-in-one-shot-upsc-current-affair/): Hantavirus disease is a life-threatening disease caused by a negative-sense RNA virus in the Bunyaviridae family, spread to humans by rodents, - [CORAL REEF OR THE MOST DIVERSE ECOSYSTEM ON THE EARTH](https://expreppro.in/coral-reef-or-the-most-diverse-ecosystem-on-the-earth/): A coral reef ecosystem is an ocean or underwater ecosystem that is characterised by coral-creating corals. - [Mangroves Ecosystem or Nature’s Fortress Explained. UPSC Environment](https://expreppro.in/mangroves-ecosystem-upsc/): Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees that typically nurture above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of tropical and sub-tropical coastlines. Read More... - [Indian Railways has made a groundbreaking stride by launching its first dual-fuel DEMU train powered by LNG and Diesel in Ahmedabad](https://expreppro.in/indian-railways-launches-first-dual-fuel-demu-train-powered-by-lng/): Indian Railways has achieved a significant milestone in sustainable transport by operationalizing the first dual-fuel DEMU train powered by LNG. Read more.... - [Strait of Hormuz. What Will Happen In Case of Hormuz Blockade. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/strait-of-hormuz-what-will-happen-in-case-of-hormuz-blockade-upsc/): The Strait of Hormuz is a small pass to the Persian Gulf that separates Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.In the event of a blockade of Hormuz Read More. - [India Croatia Bilateral Relations Explained. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/india-croatia-bilateral-relations-upsc/): India Croatia bilateral relations have been friendly since the days of the former Yugoslavia, and both countries share a cordial relationship. Read More. - [G7 or Group Of Seven: Members, Origin, Latest News. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/g7-members-origin-latest-news-upsc/): G7 is an informal grouping consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the United States to discuss issues. Read More. - [India's E-Passport: How It Works, Features, Latest News. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/india-e-passport-how-it-works-features-latest-news-upsc/): An e-passport or biometric passport, is an advanced version of passport that contains an RFID chip, which stores biometric and personal information. Read More. - [India Cyprus Bilateral Relations Explained. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/india-cyprus-bilateral-relations-upsc/): Cyprus and India have traditionally enjoyed excellent relations, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Cyprus to strengthen bilateral ties. Read More. - [Indian National Army And INA Trials - Explained. UPSC History](https://expreppro.in/indian-national-army-and-ina-trials-upsc/): The Indian National Army, also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was a military wing formed to fight against British in India. READ MORE ...✔️ - [Indus Water Treaty - History and Future Explained. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/indus-water-treaty-upsc/): Indus Water Treaty is a milestone water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan designated to govern the use of the Indus River water. Read More - [Operation Smiling Buddha and Operation Shakti- Explained | UPSC](https://expreppro.in/operation-smiling-buddha-operation-shakti-pokhran-upsc/): Operation Smiling Buddha was India's first successful nuclear weapons test, which took place on May 18, 1974, at the Pokhran test range in Rajasthan. READ MORE. - [Critical insights you must know about the Antarctic Treaty](https://expreppro.in/antarctic-treaty-or-antarctic-treaty-system-upsc/): The Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959, is one of the most successful post-Second World War treaties, aiming to create and ensure the peaceful use of Antarctica. - [How can the hidden geographical facts of Antarctica surprise you?](https://expreppro.in/geography-overview-of-antarctica-upsc/): Antarctica is a place of is the first largest continent, and in fact, it is the highest, driest, coldest and daunting continent in the world. Read More....✔️ - [Battle of Colachel : How Travancore Stunned Dutch Power. UPSC History](https://expreppro.in/battle-of-colachel/): Battle of Colachel in 1741, where the Travancore army under King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma fought against the Dutch East India Company Read More.... - [The Ramsar Convention On Wetlands Unveiled. UPSC Environment.](https://expreppro.in/the-ramsar-convention-on-wetlands-upsc-environment/): Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources - [History And Evolution Of Ancient Indian Coins. UPSC history](https://expreppro.in/ancient-indian-coins-history-and-evolution-upsc-history/): The earliest literary and archaeological evidence of ancient Indian coins dates from the seventh to fifth century B.C. Read More... - [English East India Company- A Voyage To Dominance. UPSC History](https://expreppro.in/english-east-india-company-upsc/): English East India Company was an English venture started by a group of English merchants based in London to trade with the east in 1600. This joint stock company initiated the expansion of British imperialism to the east. Thomas Aldworth secured a grant from Jahangir and established the first factory at Surat. The first English man to reach India was Thomas Stephens. He came to Goa in 1579. . - [What is model code of conduct ? UPSC](https://expreppro.in/what-is-model-code-of-conduct-upsc/): The model code of conduct is a set of non-legally binding guidelines issued by the Election Commission for political parties and candidates during elections. - [Election Commission of India And Its Role In Shaping Democracy. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/election-commission-of-india-explained-upsc/): Election Commission of India is the constitutional body responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India, the largest democracy in the world. - [Virakal or Hero Stone The Monuments of Valor And Sacrifice Explained. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/hero-stone-virakal-natukal-explained-upsc/): Hero stone or Virakal are memorial stones erected to recognise and worship the valour of a person or a group of persons. Read More - [Mutualism - Exploring the Power of Nature’s Cooperative Bonds. UPSC Environment.](https://expreppro.in/mutualism-definition-types-examples-upsc/): Mutualism is an interaction or relationship between members of two same or different species that benefits both species. The relationship between Bull's horn - [Unveiling the Keystone species concept. UPSC Environment.](https://expreppro.in/keystone-species-concept-upsc/): Keystone species are organisms with a disproportionate impact on the community relative to their abundance. Example Starfish, Beaver, Elephants READ MORE... - [Cryptocurrency : Decoding the New Form Of Digital Wealth. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/cryptocurrency-upsc/): Cryptocurrency is a new form of digital money without any official relation to any sovereign country or currency area's legal tender. Read More... - [Republics in ancient india ganas and sanghas upsc history](https://expreppro.in/republics-in-ancient-india-ganas-and-sanghas-upsc-history/): Ganas or sanghas are oligarchies or autonomous clans that existed in ancient India. Most ganas, sare located in the Himalayan foothills and northern Bihar. - [Ganga River System Explained](https://expreppro.in/ganga-river-system-explained-upsc/): The Ganga river system is the largest river system in India, and Ganga basin, which is an example of "Hydraulic civilization", holds about 26% of the land. - [MSP or MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE IN AGRICULTURE. UPSC Economics](https://expreppro.in/minimum-support-price-upsc/): A minimum support price or MSP is a risk mitigation strategy that ensures a minimum price for 23 crops against any sharp change in farm prices. READ MORE... - [THE STUNNING MARVEL OF PREHISTORIC ART - BHIMBETKA CAVE PAINTINGS](https://expreppro.in/bhimbetka-cave-paintings/): Lets learn more about the stunning testament to our ancestors creativity in the Bhimbetka paintings.These paintings are priceless pieces of the Mesolithic time. - [The Rise and Fall of Dutch Empire In India. Explained](https://expreppro.in/the-rise-and-fall-of-dutch-empire-in-india-explained/): Dutch were the first protestant nation in Europe to reach India via sea. Dutch were considered monopolists and not imperialists. READ MORE ... - [A Novice's Guide Revealing Binary and Decimal Number System](https://expreppro.in/number-system-explain/): The computer stores data in unique form. It means binary form or number one, and zero is used to store entire data.The number system is important READ MORE...✔️ - [THE STORY BEHIND INFLATION PUZZLE: TYPES OF INFLATION EXPLAINED](https://expreppro.in/inflation-and-types/): Inflation is a sustained rise in the price of goods and services in an entire economy. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money. Read more.... - [Lightning strikes causes effects and the types of lightning. UPSC](https://expreppro.in/lightning-strikes-causes-effects-and-the-types-of-lightning-upsc/): Lightning is simply a transient, high-current discharge of electricity in the air. READ MORE.... - [SpaDeX mission or Space Docking Experiment - Explained. UPSC.](https://expreppro.in/spadex-mission-or-space-docking-experiment-explained-upsc/): SpaDeX mission is the technology demonstration experiment conducted by ISRO on December 30, 2024, to master space docking technology. READ MORE... - [Nalanda Mahavihara - The Oldest Seat Of Learning.](https://expreppro.in/nalanda-mahavihara-the-oldest-university/): Nalanda an ancient university and an an important seat of learning, unfortunately now in ruins. UNESCO declared this site as the world's heritage site in 2016. - [The history of the Bahmani Sultanate or Bahmani Kingdom. Explained. UPSC History](https://expreppro.in/bahmani-sultanate-or-bahmani-kingdom-upsc/): During the rule of Muhammad bin Tughlak, the amirs of the Deccan revolted, and formed a new Deccan kingdom called Bahmani Sultanate or Bahmini kingdom. - [Greek invasion of India or Alexander the Great's invasion of India. UPSC History](https://expreppro.in/greek-invasion-of-india-alexanders-invasion/): After the death of Mahapadma Nanda, an important event happened, i.e. the Greek invasion of India or Macedonian invasion under Alexander's leadership. - [Measures of money supply in India or aggregate monetary resources | UPSC Economics.](https://expreppro.in/measures-of-money-supply-in-india-or-monetary-aggregates-upsc-economics/): The total volume of money in circulation among the people at a particular point in time is called the money supply and denoted as M1, M2, M3. Read more... - [Mediterranean Climate or Western Margin Climate: An Overview | UPSC Geography](https://expreppro.in/mediterranean-climate-or-warm-temperate-western-margin-climate-upsc/): A unique climate called the warm temperate western margin climate or Mediterranean climate can be seen on the western portion of continental masses. Read More.. - [What do you mean by the word Stupa? Stupa architecture explained.](https://expreppro.in/stupa-architecture-upsc/): Stupa is a funeral tumuli that evolved from earthen mounds (or "smasana") containing remains or ashes of the dead within a reliquary container. Read More... - [Brief Notes On Important Zoonotic Diseases. Part One.](https://expreppro.in/parasitic-zoonotic-diseases/): Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Here are some brief notes on critical zoonotic diseases. Read More... - [Discover the fascinating facts of the Indus script!](https://expreppro.in/indus-script-or-harappan-writing-upsc/): Harappan script or Indus script was the ancient script used by the Harappan civilization. This script was believed to be written from right to left. Read more.. - [Origin and History of Reserve Bank of India](https://expreppro.in/history-of-reserve-bank-of-india-upsc/): During British rule, a modern central banking started which later developed into Reserve Bank of India. J.M. Keynes insisted on creating a Indian central bank. - [The Gangetic Dolphin: Why is this indicator species important?](https://expreppro.in/gangetic-dolphin-upsc/): The Gangetic dolphin, also known as Soso or "tiger of the Ganges,"is an important indicator aquatic animal found only in the Indian subcontinent.Read more..🐬 - [Lymphatic filariasis Explained| UPSC Science |Why its eradication matters?](https://expreppro.in/lymphatic-filariasis-explained-upsc/): Lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis is a neglected tropical vector-borne disease caused by parasitic nematodes such as Wuchereria bancrofti, READ MORE.... ✔️ - [MIKE or Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants Programme](https://expreppro.in/mike-or-monitoring-of-illegal-killing-of-elephants-programme-upsc/): MIKE, or Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants Programme, was established by COP to CITES at its 10 Harare meeting in 1997 to monitor elephant poaching. - [Discover the exciting history of Kudavolai system,the local self government of Cholas.](https://expreppro.in/kudavolai-system/): Did you know that ancient India had elections. Ancient democratic local body local self government of Cholas or Kudavolai system READ MORE... - [El Nino, La Nina, and the Southern Oscillation.](https://expreppro.in/el-nino-la-nina-southern-oscillation/): The unusual surface water warming in the Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is called El Nino. The word came from the Spanish, meaning the child Christ. Read More.. - [LOOKING DEEP INTO THE INNER MEANING OF CHOLA BRONZE NATARAJA SCULPTURE](https://expreppro.in/nataraja-sculpture/): The magnificent bronze Nataraja sculpture or cosmic dance of Lord Siva created by Cholas is an artistic marvel created in metal. Read More... - [Fascinating role of burgers in calculating purchasing power parity](https://expreppro.in/big-mac-index-india/): What is Burger's role in calculating purchasing power parity? Yes there is a pivotal role? he Economist calculates and publishes "Big Mac Index" READ MORE...✔️ - [DISCOVER THE COMPLETE EVOLUTION OF PETROLEUM PRICING IN INDIA.](https://expreppro.in/petroleum-pricing-and-india/): Explore India's complete evolution of petroleum pricing from the post-independence period to the post-APM period. UPSC economics| READ MORE...... - [The Concept Of Ocean Acidification: Causes and Effects](https://expreppro.in/ocean-acidification-causes-effects/): An increased dissolved CO2 in seawater decreases the pH value and makes seawater more corrosive to carbonate, called Ocean acidification. READ MORE... - [Integration of Travancore](https://expreppro.in/integration-of-travancore/): When the British announced their exit from India, some princely states created trouble for Sardar Vallabai Patel and his team. Under its able diwan, Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Travancore was the first state to question the right of Congress to succeed the British. This spices-rich state was strategically placed at the extreme south of the Peninsula, nearer to the international maritime route, with reserves of Monazite. At last, without much trouble, Travancore was integrated into the Indian Union. - [Volcano and volcanic eruptions](https://expreppro.in/volcano-and-volcanic-eruptions/): The volcano is a vent through which lava and gases are ejected from the interior to the surface & can even influence the lives of people. Read More... 🌋 - [Marvels of Mahabalipuram: Mandapas or caves of Mahabalipuram.](https://expreppro.in/mahabalipuram-temple-history/): Mahabalipuram, or the land of seven Pagodas, is a small coastal village near Chennai at the mouth of the Palar River. This site is a key to our glorious past. - [Absolute and Relative Humidity – What's the Difference.](https://expreppro.in/absolute-and-relative-humidity-whats-the-difference/): The value of water vapour is just two per cent in the total composition of the atmosphere and plays a vital role in the weather. Read More... - [KALABHRA - DARK AGE IN TAMIL HISTORY](https://expreppro.in/kalabhra-tamil-dark-age/): Even though the history of Tamil Nadu is meticulously recorded, there is a mysterious gap after the Sangam period known as the "Kalabhra period". - [DISCOVER THE VALUABLE INSIGHTS FROM THE "ALL INDIA HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE SURVEY" -](https://expreppro.in/discover-the-valuable-insights-from-the-all-india-household-consumption-expenditure-survey/): Gain valuable insights from the quinquennial All India Household Consumption Expenditure Survey for your exam preparations. - [WHAT IS DNA OR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID ?](https://expreppro.in/what-is-dna-or-deoxyribonucleic-acid/): The DNA molecule is the genetic material and can be visualised as a polymer of a nucleotide monomer.Alfred D. Hershey and Martha Chase removed the remaining doubts regarding DNA in 1952. - [MERCURY, THE UNIQUE AND INNERMOST PLANET.](https://expreppro.in/mercury-the-unique-and-innermost-planet/): Mercury has always fascinated scientists. The 3:2 resonance confers many uniqueness to this planet.It has an internally generated magnetic field . - [THE STATES THAT GAVE TROUBLE DURING THE INTEGRATION PART -1](https://expreppro.in/integration-of-junagadh/): The Indian Union faced considerable challenges from certain states during the integration process. Lets learn about the journey of Junagadh towards union. - [BIOMES AND THEIR UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS](https://expreppro.in/biomes-and-their-unique-characteristics/): A biome is a large land area with a characteristic group of organisms adapted to its environment.Let us look into the characteristics of eight types of biomes. - [VIJAYNAGARA EMPIRE, FROM ITS TRIUMPHANT RISE TO TRAGIC FALL](https://expreppro.in/about-vijayanagara-empire/): The emergence of the Vijayanagara empire OR Karnata samrajya in the 14th century created a new chapter in the history of India, especially South India. - [Paris Club:  Everything you need to know.](https://expreppro.in/paris-club-notes/): Gain valuable insights and comprehensive information about the Paris Club. Discover everything an exam aspirant needs to know. - [THE FASCINATING HISTORY BEHIND "THE ADVENT OF THE PORTUGUESE"](https://expreppro.in/the-fascinating-history-behind-the-advent-of-the-portuguese/): Let's learn the history behind advent of the Portuguese and the factors that forced Portuguese to discover a new sea route to spices and wealth. - [The preamble: Let's explore its background and relevance](https://expreppro.in/preamble_of_the_indian_constitution/): The preamble in the Indian Constitution embodies the fundamental values, ethics, philosophy, and vision of the Indian constitution. Let's learn more. ## Pages - [TRANSPARENCY](https://expreppro.in/transparency/): At EXPREPPRO, we take privacy protection seriously. - [Terms And Conditions](https://expreppro.in/terms-and-conditions/): Expreppro delivers top-notch exam preparation content to help every aspirant to achieve their dream. - [CONTENT POLICY](https://expreppro.in/content-policy/): Expreppro delivers top-notch exam preparation content to help every aspirant to achieve their dream. - [About Us](https://expreppro.in/about-us/): Expreppro started as a simple idea and is now on a mission to deliver quality exam preparation content at no extra cost. ## Categories - [Uncategorized](https://expreppro.in/category/uncategorized/) - [History](https://expreppro.in/category/history/): History notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | History - [Geography](https://expreppro.in/category/geography/): Geography notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | Geography 🌍 - [Environment](https://expreppro.in/category/environment/): Environment notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | Environment 🏞️ - [Examplainer](https://expreppro.in/category/examplainer/): detailed and complete analysis of relevant current affairs topic - [Art and Culture](https://expreppro.in/category/art-and-culture/): Art, culture, architecture content for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | Art and Culture 🏛️ - [Indian Polity](https://expreppro.in/category/indian-polity/): Indian polity notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | Indian Polity ⚖️ - [Science](https://expreppro.in/category/science/): Science and Technology notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip | Science 🔭 - [Economics](https://expreppro.in/category/economics/): Indian Economy notes for upsc and other exams, which we believe our aspirants should not skip. | Economics 📉 ## Tags - [Art and Architecture](https://expreppro.in/tag/art-and-architecture/) - [Ancient Indian History](https://expreppro.in/tag/ancient-indian-history/) - [Geography](https://expreppro.in/tag/geography/) - [science](https://expreppro.in/tag/science/) - [Indian Economics](https://expreppro.in/tag/indian-economics/) - [environment](https://expreppro.in/tag/environment/) - [Ecosystem](https://expreppro.in/tag/ecosystem/) - [prehistoric paintings](https://expreppro.in/tag/prehistoric-paintings/) - [Modern Indian History](https://expreppro.in/tag/modern-indian-history/) - [metal sculptures](https://expreppro.in/tag/metal-sculptures/) - [Medival Indian History](https://expreppro.in/tag/medival-indian-history/) - [Reserve Bank of India](https://expreppro.in/tag/reserve-bank-of-india/) - [Harappan civilization](https://expreppro.in/tag/harappan-civilization/) - [Climate](https://expreppro.in/tag/climate/) - [climate change](https://expreppro.in/tag/climate-change/) - [purchasing power parity](https://expreppro.in/tag/purchasing-power-parity/) - [computer](https://expreppro.in/tag/computer/) - [biology](https://expreppro.in/tag/biology/) - [chola administration](https://expreppro.in/tag/chola-administration/) - [Inflation](https://expreppro.in/tag/inflation/) - [zoonotic diseases](https://expreppro.in/tag/zoonotic-diseases/) - [Buddhism](https://expreppro.in/tag/buddhism/) - [climate types](https://expreppro.in/tag/climate-types/) - [Money](https://expreppro.in/tag/money/) - [Medieval states](https://expreppro.in/tag/medieval-states/) - [Space science](https://expreppro.in/tag/space-science/) - [ISRO](https://expreppro.in/tag/isro/) - [Agriculture](https://expreppro.in/tag/agriculture/) - [rivers](https://expreppro.in/tag/rivers/) - [Election](https://expreppro.in/tag/election/) - [Ancient Indian Coins](https://expreppro.in/tag/ancient-indian-coins/) - [Conventions and Treaties](https://expreppro.in/tag/conventions-and-treaties/) - [Antractica](https://expreppro.in/tag/antractica/) - [nuclear science](https://expreppro.in/tag/nuclear-science/) - [Indus river](https://expreppro.in/tag/indus-river/) - [india](https://expreppro.in/tag/india/) - [Bilateral Relations](https://expreppro.in/tag/bilateral-relations/) - [G7](https://expreppro.in/tag/g7/) - [Middle East](https://expreppro.in/tag/middle-east/) - [Indian Railway](https://expreppro.in/tag/indian-railway/) - [Hantavirus](https://expreppro.in/tag/hantavirus/)